Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Two-Year Changes in Diabetic Kidney Disease Phenotype and the Risk of Heart Failure: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea: Seung Eun Lee, Juhwan Yoo, Han Seok Choi, Kyungdo Han, Kyoung-Ah Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):523-534. Published online April 25, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0096

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a risk factor for hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). DKD could be classified into four phenotypes by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, normal vs. low) and proteinuria (PU, negative vs. positive). Also, the phenotype often changes dynamically. This study examined HHF risk according to the DKD phenotype changes across 2-year assessments.
Methods
The study included 1,343,116 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database after excluding a very high-risk phenotype (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) at baseline, who underwent two cycles of medical checkups between 2009 and 2014. From the baseline and 2-year eGFR and PU results, participants were divided into 10 DKD phenotypic change categories.
Results
During an average of 6.5 years of follow-up, 7,874 subjects developed HHF. The cumulative incidence of HHF from index date was highest in the eGFR^lowPU– phenotype, followed by eGFR^norPU⁺ and eGFR^norPU^–. Changes in DKD phenotype differently affect HHF risk. When the persistent eGFR^norPU^– category was the reference, hazard ratios for HHF were 3.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.73 to 3.52) in persistent eGFR^norPU⁺ and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.73 to 1.99) in persistent eGFR^lowPU^–. Among altered phenotypes, the category converted to eGFR^lowPU⁺ showed the highest risk. In the normal eGFR category at the second examination, those who converted from PU^– to PU⁺ showed a higher risk of HHF than those who converted from PU⁺ to PU^–.
Conclusion
Changes in DKD phenotype, particularly with the presence of PU, are more likely to reflect the risk of HHF, compared with DKD phenotype based on a single time point in patients with T2DM.

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Comparative Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and Thiazolidinedione Treatment on Risk of Stroke among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Seung Eun Lee, Hyewon Nam, Han Seok Choi, Hoseob Kim, Dae-Sung Kyoung, Kyoung-Ah Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):567-577. Published online February 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0160

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3 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Although cardiovascular outcome trials using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) showed a reduction in risk of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), they did not demonstrate beneficial effects on stroke risk. Additionally, meta-analysis showed SGLT-2i potentially had an adverse effect on stroke risk. Contrarily, pioglitazone, a type of thiazolidinedione (TZD), has been shown to reduce recurrent stroke risk. Thus, we aimed to compare the effect of SGLT-2i and TZD on the risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service data, we compared a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort of patients who used SGLT-2i or TZD from January 2014 to December 2018. The primary outcome was stroke. The secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE, and heart failure (HF).
Results
After propensity-matching, each group included 56,794 patients. Baseline characteristics were well balanced. During the follow-up, 862 patients were newly hospitalized for stroke. The incidence rate of stroke was 4.11 and 4.22 per 1,000 person-years for the TZD and SGLT-2i groups respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) of stroke was 1.054 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.904 to 1.229) in the SGLT-2i group compared to the TZD group. There was no difference in the risk of MI, cardiovascular death, 3-point MACE between groups. Hospitalization for HF was significantly decreased in SGLT-2i-treated patients (HR, 0.645; 95% CI, 0.466 to 0.893). Results were consistent regardless of prior cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion
In this real-world data, the risk of stroke was comparable in T2DM patients treated with SGLT-2i or TZD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Similar incidence of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in real-world cohort studies among patients with type 2 diabetes
André J. Scheen
Diabetes Epidemiology and Management.2024; 13: 100179. CrossRef
Lobeglitazone, a novel thiazolidinedione, for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke: a nationwide nested case-control study
Joonsang Yoo, Jimin Jeon, Minyoul Baik, Jinkwon Kim
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Do SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate differently the risk of stroke ? Discordance between randomised controlled trials and observational studies
André J. Scheen
Diabetes & Metabolism.2023; 49(5): 101474. CrossRef

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